Italy has never conquered San Marino primarily because San Marino maintained strict neutrality, gained key promises from influential figures like Giuseppe Garibaldi, and posed little strategic value to Italy during unification. Its status as a peaceful republic, long-standing sovereignty, and diplomatic recognition also reinforced its independence despite the turbulent Italian unification era.
San Marino aggressively pursued neutrality in foreign affairs, avoiding land annexation or hostile actions. This policy was critical in its preservation during major European conflicts, notably at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and throughout the 19th century. One of the most pivotal moments occurred in 1850 when Garibaldi, fleeing failed revolutions, sought refuge there. The Captains-Regent granted him clemency after securing his promise that San Marino would never be drawn into a larger Italian state or military conflicts against powerful nations. Garibaldi upheld this promise, intervening in 1860 to prevent Italy’s annexation of San Marino.
Italy’s rulers and parliament during unification focused on consolidating larger territories rather than targeting San Marino, a minuscule state roughly the size of Central Park. Accepting Garibaldi’s unusual request to leave San Marino independent allowed Italy to concentrate on more significant unification challenges. Moreover, San Marino’s long history as an independent republic predates Italy’s unification by centuries, dating back to its founding in 301 AD, making it the world’s oldest sovereign country.
San Marino also gained recognition and respect internationally due to its peaceful and republican traditions. Historically, it even declined Napoleon’s offer to expand its territory, anticipating future retaliation from neighboring states. Its sovereignty was further protected through treaties such as the 1602 agreement with the Papal States, effective from 1631.
Throughout Italy’s unification and afterward, San Marino maintained diplomatic relations with Italy, reflecting mutual recognition. The Italian embassy in San Marino symbolizes ongoing peaceful ties rather than conflict.
- San Marino’s strict neutrality and diplomatic skill aided its independence.
- Garibaldi’s personal promise prevented Italy’s annexation in the 19th century.
- Italy focused on larger political and territorial matters during unification.
- San Marino’s long history and international respect contributed greatly.
- Formal treaties and diplomatic relations reinforced San Marino’s sovereignty.
